NHS Apologizes for Brutal Conversion Therapy

In 1965, Pauline Collier, then a student, hid her attraction to women, a secret she believed doctors at Crumpsall Hospital could 'change'. Despite being offered work if she underwent treatment, she submitted to electric shock aversion therapy, a conversion practice involving electric shocks administered while viewing erotic images. Ms. Collier described this as punishment, not therapy, where she was forced to associate pain with women and relief with men, a treatment that ultimately failed to alter her orientation.

This brutal therapy left Ms. Collier deeply depressed and unable to focus on her studies, impacting her energy and self-perception. She later pursued a successful career as an educational psychologist, but the trauma lingered. Years after confronting one of her former psychologists without an apology, she met Dr. Jim Orford, who offered a sincere apology on behalf of the profession for the cruel and sadistic treatment they administered.