Deep Sea Mining Rules: Race Against Time

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is working urgently to establish a rulebook for deep-sea mining, with a goal of finalization by the end of 2026. ISA head Leticia Carvalho emphasized the "absolutely existential" need for an agreement among 170 nations, particularly due to the United States' recent stance on potentially issuing unilateral permits for mining in international waters.

These international waters, covering nearly half the planet, are governed by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, though the U.S. has not ratified it. Experts express concern that a rushed process might compromise the thoroughness of the mining code.

Companies like The Metals Company are preparing for potential operations by 2027, with significant activity anticipated in the Pacific's Clarion-Clipperton Zone. This region holds vast mineral resources, including cobalt, nickel, and manganese, accumulated over millions of years.

However, scientists warn that mining these nodules could severely damage deep-sea ecosystems, potentially reducing seabed life and biodiversity by up to 30%. Environmental groups advocate for a ban or moratorium, arguing that current revenue-sharing proposals unfairly disadvantage developing nations.

Carvalho views moratoriums as counterproductive, preferring strict environmental standards established through regulation. She believes that if the U.S. acts independently, other nations might follow, leading to a fragmented and less protective regulatory landscape for both the environment and developing countries.