Lost Sea Stars Resurface Off California Coast

A species of sunflower sea star, previously believed to be lost due to a devastating disease, has been rediscovered in the waters off Northern California. Scientists located 18 of these large sea stars, some spanning over three feet, within the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary last summer.

This finding is particularly promising given the massive die-off of sea stars a decade ago. The epidemic, which killed billions of sea stars between 2013 and 2017, was linked to a bacterium called Vibrio pectenicida. The loss of these stars significantly altered ecological dynamics, leading to unchecked sea urchin populations and a drastic decline in kelp forests.

Sunflower sea stars are vital predators of purple sea urchins, which consume kelp. Their absence resulted in an estimated 90% loss of kelp habitat in the Farallones region, impacting hundreds of keystone species that rely on these underwater forests. Kelp forests also play a critical role in combating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide.

The rediscovery offers a beacon of hope for kelp forest restoration. Researchers collected genetic samples and ecological data during the expedition, which could aid future repopulation efforts. Scientists are exploring various strategies, including laboratory spawning and cross-breeding to enhance disease and warming resistance, potentially pairing them with beneficial bacteria and algae, similar to coral restoration techniques.

Despite the hopeful discovery, the sunflower sea star is still considered a threatened species. Efforts to list it under the Endangered Species Act faced delays, prompting legal action from conservation groups seeking protections against coastal development and habitat threats. NOAA Fisheries has stated that its work on the listing proposal is ongoing.