Infections Cause 1 in 8 Cancers Globally

A recent global analysis has revealed that around one in eight cancers diagnosed worldwide in 2024, representing 2.3 million cases, are linked to infections. Five primary pathogens are responsible for the majority of these cases, with H. pylori identified as the leading cause, accounting for approximately 760,000 cancers.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) followed closely, contributing 750,000 cases, while hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C viruses were also significant factors. These infections can lead to over 20 different cancer types, including stomach, liver, blood, and cervical cancers.

The study, published in The Lancet Oncology, emphasizes that many of these cancers are preventable through infection treatment and preventative measures like vaccinations and screening. However, access to these programs remains a major equity issue, particularly in poorer nations.

Low and middle-income countries bear the largest burden, with 77% of infection-related cancer cases. Eastern Asia reported the highest number of cases, driven by H. pylori and hepatitis B. In contrast, HPV is the primary infection-related cancer cause in Western Europe, linked to 24,000 cases in 2024.

While HPV is usually harmless, certain high-risk types can cause cancerous changes over time. The UK's HPV vaccination uptake is noted as lagging behind other countries. For hepatitis B, vaccination is recommended for infants and high-risk individuals. Hepatitis C prevention relies on testing and treatment, as no vaccine is currently available.