New Year, New Viral Threats: What to Watch in 2026

As 2026 commences, infectious disease experts are vigilant about emerging viral threats. Influenza A subtypes, including H5N1 bird flu, are a primary focus. The H5N1 virus's ability to jump from birds to mammals, like cattle, and subsequently to humans, has raised concerns about its potential adaptation for human-to-human transmission and a possible pandemic. Scientists are actively working on vaccines for H5N1, as current ones may not offer protection.

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, also remains a significant global health concern. While the 2022 outbreak of Clade II has subsided, the virus is now endemic worldwide. Notably, Clade I Mpox, which has a 10% mortality rate, is seeing increased cases in Central and East Africa and has appeared in the US. The spread of this more severe form warrants close observation.

Furthermore, the Oropouche virus, transmitted by insects like biting midges, is expanding its geographical range across South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. While typically causing mild, short-lived illness, its potential for recurrence and the lack of specific treatments make it a growing concern. Cases are also being imported into the US by travelers, and the insect vector is present throughout North and South America.