Ganges Treaty Nears End: River Health at Risk

The 1996 Ganges Water Treaty's impending expiration is a pivotal moment for India-Bangladesh relations and broader discussions on transboundary river governance in South Asia. Amidst rising climate change impacts and increasing water demand, concerns over dry-season river flows and the ecological stress on the Ganges system are growing. South Asia, highly vulnerable to climate change, faces intensified pressures from population growth, poverty, and water scarcity.

Ecological stress is evident across the Ganges basin, with reduced river flows contributing to salinity, agricultural pressure, and declining fisheries. This transboundary issue particularly affects coastal regions of India and Bangladesh, where freshwater flows are crucial for countering sea-level rise and protecting the Sundarbans mangrove forest. Pollution from industrial and agricultural sources further degrades river health.

Within India, the Farakka Barrage has been linked to increased flood risks due to sediment buildup and has disrupted fish migration, impacting livelihoods and cultural traditions. The endangerment of species like the Gangetic dolphin and gharial signals broader ecological disruption. Scientific research proposes a "safe operating space" for rivers to ensure resilience and sustainability.

Safeguarding the Ganges requires science-driven policy and sustained commitment to long-term river management. Urgent action is needed to ensure the river's resilience, preventing a future where insufficient healthy water jeopardizes livelihoods dependent on it.