How many people are affected by the fossil fuel industry's global footprint?

According to the Amnesty International report, a quarter of the world's population, or more than 2 billion people, live within 3 miles of operational fossil fuel projects.

What are the health risks associated with living near fossil fuel infrastructure?

The report found that proximity to fossil fuel sites increases the risk of cancer, respiratory conditions, heart disease, premature birth, and even death for nearby communities.

How are Indigenous peoples impacted by the expansion of the fossil fuel industry?

The report states that one in six fossil fuel sites are located on Indigenous territories, disproportionately exposing these communities to the industry's harmful effects.

Home / Environment / Fossil Fuel Footprint Endangers 2 Billion People Globally

Fossil Fuel Footprint Endangers 2 Billion People Globally

12 Nov

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Summary

25% of world's population lives within 3 miles of fossil fuel projects
463 million people, including 124 million children, live within 0.6 miles of fossil fuel sites
Fossil fuel industry linked to pollution, health issues, and human rights violations

Fossil Fuel Footprint Endangers 2 Billion People Globally

According to a groundbreaking report by Amnesty International, the global footprint of the fossil fuel industry poses a grave threat to the health and rights of billions of people worldwide. As of November 2025, more than 18,300 oil, gas, and coal sites are distributed across 170 countries, with a quarter of the world's population living within just 3 miles of these operational facilities.

The report, titled "Extraction Extinction: Why the Lifecycle of Fossil Fuels Threatens Life, Nature, and Human Rights," found that nearly half a billion people, including 124 million children, now reside within 0.6 miles of these fossil fuel sites. The proximity to drilling wells, processing plants, and pipelines elevates the risk of serious health issues such as cancer, respiratory problems, and premature death. Additionally, the industry's activities have degraded land, contaminated water supplies, and damaged critical ecosystems.