India's Energy Sector Faces Dual Challenge

The Economic Survey 2025-26 has identified critical issues for India's energy sector, namely high cross-subsidy levels in power and the substantial material and capital costs associated with renewable energy. Cross-subsidization, where industrial and commercial users bear higher tariffs to support domestic and agricultural consumers, is being addressed.

To tackle these deep-rooted inefficiencies, the Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025, was introduced last month. This legislation seeks to transform the market by rationalizing subsidies, encouraging tariffs that reflect actual costs, and enabling direct procurement for industrial users. It mandates the elimination of cross-subsidies for certain categories within five years.

Simultaneously, the Survey points to the renewable energy sector's challenges, despite record capacity additions led by solar power. High capital costs, land acquisition delays, and grid integration issues, particularly with energy storage systems, are noted. The significant material requirements for solar panels, such as silver and polysilicon, are also highlighted as potential roadblocks to greater utilization.