India's Rice Dominance: A Double-Edged Sword

India has become the world's largest rice producer, accounting for 28% of global production and 40% of trade in 2024-2025. This position highlights historical cultivation, with origins potentially dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization, and a vast array of local varieties.

Despite its leading role, India faces significant environmental hurdles. The cultivation of rice, a water-intensive crop, heavily relies on groundwater, leading to over-extraction in many key growing regions. This ecological stress has prompted government interventions aimed at crop diversification and sustainable practices.

To address these challenges, India has implemented various policies, including the National Food Security Act, 2013, and initiatives like rice fortification with essential nutrients. Efforts are also underway to promote less water-intensive crops and sustainable farming techniques.

The geographical distribution of rice cultivation spans across India's river plains, particularly in the north-eastern, eastern, and southern deltas. However, the intensive paddy-wheat cycle contributes to environmental issues such as stubble burning, impacting air quality in northern regions.

Balancing its status as a global rice supplier with domestic ecological needs remains a key objective. India is exploring climate-resilient cropping techniques and incentivizing diversification to ensure long-term sustainability of its rice sector.